What do I use

Agencies, NGOs and programme evaluation

Baseline and endline surveys, monitoring and evaluation, donor reporting, impact assessment.

The usual order: Define the indicator - sample defensibly - collect with consent - compare against baseline - report what the design can and cannot support.

Your question, and what answers it

Or the paired test for the same people twice. The hard part is not the test, it is whether the comparison group is comparable.

In ZStat: open your study, go to Analysis, and choose independent t.

What goes wrong in agencies, ngos and programme evaluation

Reporting a before-and-after difference as programme impact when anything else changed in the same period.
Weighted survey data analysed as if it were a simple random sample.
A results framework where every indicator improved. That is a sign of measurement, not of success.

ZStat runs these checks whether or not you ask, and stops the analysis when one of them would make the result misleading. You do not have to remember this list.

Other fields

Medicine and clinical research Public health and epidemiology Psychology and behavioural science Education Agriculture and food science Urban planning, estate management and architecture Economics, finance and accounting Engineering, manufacturing and quality Institutional performance and educational decisions Hospitals and health facilities Government, parastatals and regulators Sociology, development and social work

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